![]() ![]() Examples of specialist viruses are Dengue flavivirus and Mumps orthorubulavirus, among mammalian viruses, and Barley stripe hordeovirus from plants ( Elena, Agudelo-Romero, and Lalić 2009 Roossinck 2010). to monocultured crops since well-adapted viruses usually show enhanced within-host replication rates that are often associated with stronger symptoms ( Roossinck 2010 Lacroix et al. Specialist viruses pose a great threat e.g. Some viruses adapt to a particular host species, genotype, or even cell type in which they efficiently complete their reproductive cycle ( Turner and Elena 2000 Cooper and Scott 2001 Cuevas, Moya, and Elena 2003 Bedhomme, Lafforgue, and Elena 2012 Hillung et al. They face species with different response to infection or in many instances differences in immune status among individuals within the same host species. Viruses are constantly facing heterogeneity in the hosts they infect. Compared to wild-type plants six had an effect on both viral strains, three had an effect only on the more specialized, and two were significant during infection with the less specialized.Įmerging viruses, GWAS, host-range, Potyvirus, specialism-generalism continuum, virus evolution, virus-host interactions 1. Nine of these mutants have altered the disease progress and/or symptoms intensity between both strains. ![]() The impact on disease progress of 10 selected genes was validated by studying the infection phenotypes of loss-of-function mutant plants. Likewise, only putative cysteine-rich receptor-like protein kinases were involved in all three traits. While most of the mapped loci were strain specific, one shared locus was mapped for both strains, a disease-resistance TIR-NBS-LRR class protein. The genetic architectures of these traits differed among viral strains and, in the case of the more specialized virus, also varied along the duration of infection. Three disease-related traits were measured and associated with different sets of host genes for each strain. Four hundred fifty natural accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana were inoculated with Turnip mosaic potyvirus strains with different past evolutionary histories and that shown different degrees of specialization. ![]() Using a genome-wide association study approach, we have identified host genes whose expression depends on whether hosts were infected with more or less specialized viral strains. A relevant yet poorly explored question is whether viruses differ in the way they interact with their hosts’ gene expression depending on their degree of specialization. On the contrary, a specialist has maximal fitness within its own host. Even though generalists seem to gain an advantage due to their wide host range, they usually pay a pleiotropic fitness cost within each host. While generalists are able to successfully infect a wide variety of hosts, specialists are limited to one or a few. Viruses lie in a continuum between generalism and specialism depending on their ability to infect more or less hosts. ![]()
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